Kwastek quotes Jochen Schulte-Sasse to describe “medium . . . as a ‘bearer of information . . . that fundamentally shapes it. . . so as to give form to human access to reality’” (167). Krueger asserts response as a “medium comprised of sensing, display and control systems” (430). To understand response as a medium, then, is to understand it as that which simultaneously shapes and presents the information contained within systems. As elaborated by both authors, these systems contain technical and aesthetic components which, as Kwastrek repeats, form some sort of gestalt via interaction with a user. Kwastek ultimately veers away from calling interactive media arts a medium, favoring the analogy of apparatus. Response, then, might serve as the medium of interactive media, as that which is manipulated by the artist via a system which requires interaction from a user.